Rupal Shah, MD

Assistant Professor
School of Medicine

Rupal Shah is a pulmonologist specializing in the care of patients with advanced lung disease. When she is not caring for patients, she is working to improve the delivery of ambulatory care and enhance the experience of her colleagues. Rupal joined the CSW to continue her passion for creating an equitable environment at UCSF.

Joined UCSF: 2015
Joined CSW: 2017
Subcommittee: Events

Publications: 

Macrophage and CD8 T Cell Discordance are Associated with Acute Lung Allograft Dysfunction Progression.

The Journal of heart and lung transplantation : the official publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation

Calabrese DR, Yellamilli S, Ekstrand C, Singer JP, Hays SR, Leard LE, Shah RJ, Venado A, Kolaitis NA, Perez A, Combes A, Greenland JR

CCR5 drives NK cell-associated airway damage in pulmonary ischemia-reperfusion injury.

JCI insight

Santos J, Wang P, Shemesh A, Liu F, Tsao T, Aguilar OA, Cleary SJ, Singer JP, Gao Y, Hays SR, Golden J, Leard LE, Kleinhenz ME, Kolaitis NA, Shah RJ, Venado A, Kukreja J, Weigt SS, Belperio JA, Lanier LL, Looney MR, Greenland JR, Calabrese DR

Decreased Lymphocytic Bronchitis Severity in the Era of Azithromycin Prophylaxis.

Transplantation direct

Santos J, Hays SR, Golden JA, Calabrese DR, Kolaitis N, Kleinhenz ME, Shah R, Estrada AV, Leard LE, Kukreja J, Singer JP, Greenland JR

Development of the Lung Transplant Frailty Scale (LT-FS).

The Journal of heart and lung transplantation : the official publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation

Singer JP, Christie JD, Diamond JM, Anderson MA, Benvenuto LA, Gao Y, Arcasoy SM, Lederer DJ, Calabrese D, Wang P, Hays SR, Kukreja J, Venado A, Kolaitis NA, Leard LE, Shah RJ, Kleinhenz ME, Golden J, Betancourt L, Oyster M, Zaleski D, Adler J, Kalman L, Balar P, Patel S, Medikonda N, Koons B, Tevald M, Covinsky KE, Greenland JR, Katz PK

Subphenotypes of frailty in lung transplant candidates.

American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons

Singer JP, Calfee CS, Delucchi K, Diamond JM, Anderson MA, Benvenuto LA, Gao Y, Wang P, Arcasoy SM, Lederer DJ, Hays SR, Kukreja J, Venado A, Kolaitis NA, Leard L LE, Shah RJ, Kleinhenz ME, Golden J, Betancourt L, Oyster M, Brown M, Zaleski D, Medikonda N, Kalman L, Balar P, Patel S, Calabrese DR, Greenland JR, Christie JD

Design and implementation of a digital health home spirometry intervention for remote monitoring of lung transplant function.

The Journal of heart and lung transplantation : the official publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation

Odisho AY, Liu AW, Maiorano AR, Bigazzi MOA, Medina E, Leard LE, Shah R, Venado A, Perez A, Golden J, Kleinhenz ME, Kolaitis NA, Maheshwari J, Trinh BN, Kukreja J, Greenland J, Calabrese D, Neinstein AB, Singer JP, Hays SR

NKG2D receptor activation drives primary graft dysfunction severity and poor lung transplantation outcomes.

JCI insight

Calabrese DR, Tsao T, Magnen M, Valet C, Gao Y, Mallavia B, Tian JJ, Aminian EA, Wang KM, Shemesh A, Punzalan EB, Sarma A, Calfee CS, Christenson SA, Langelier CR, Hays SR, Golden JA, Leard LE, Kleinhenz ME, Kolaitis NA, Shah RJ, Venado A, Lanier LL, Greenland JR, Sayah DM, Ardehali A, Kukreja J, Weigt SS, Belperio JA, Singer JP, Looney MR

Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir Use With Tacrolimus in Lung Transplant Recipients: A Single-center Case Series.

Transplantation

Dewey KW, Yen B, Lazo J, Seijo L, Jariwala R, Shah RJ, Quan D, Carpenter B, Paul Singer J, Breen K, Hays S, Florez R

Critical Care of the Lung Transplant Patient.

Clinics in chest medicine

Perez AA, Shah RJ

Depressive symptoms in lung transplant recipients: trajectory and association with mortality and allograft dysfunction.

Thorax

Kolaitis NA, Gao Y, Soong A, Greenland JR, Hays SR, Golden JA, Venado A, Leard LE, Shah RJ, Kleinhenz ME, Katz PP, Kukreja J, Blanc PD, Smith PJ, Singer JP

Proteomic biomarkers of progressive fibrosing interstitial lung disease: a multicentre cohort analysis.

The Lancet. Respiratory medicine

Bowman WS, Newton CA, Linderholm AL, Neely ML, Pugashetti JV, Kaul B, Vo V, Echt GA, Leon W, Shah RJ, Huang Y, Garcia CK, Wolters PJ, Oldham JM

Response.

Chest

Santhosh L, Block B, Kim SY, Raju S, Shah RJ, Thakur N, Brigham EP, Parker AM

Lung Allograft Epithelium DNA Methylation Age Is Associated With Graft Chronologic Age and Primary Graft Dysfunction.

Frontiers in immunology

Dugger DT, Calabrese DR, Gao Y, Deiter F, Tsao T, Maheshwari J, Hays SR, Leard L, Kleinhenz ME, Shah R, Golden J, Kukreja J, Gordon ED, Singer JP, Greenland JR

Construct and Predictive Validity of Sarcopenia in Lung Transplant Candidates.

Annals of the American Thoracic Society

Maheshwari JA, Kolaitis NA, Anderson MR, Benvenuto L, Gao Y, Katz PP, Greenland J, Wolters PJ, Covinsky K, Hays SR, Kukreja J, Calabrese DR, Venado A, Shah RJ, Leard LE, Trinh B, Huang CY, Glidden D, Kleinhenz ME, Golden JA, Sutter N, Tietje-Ulrich G, Criner RN, Arcasoy SM, Christie JD, Diamond J, Singer JP

ISHLT consensus document on lung transplantation in patients with connective tissue disease: Part I: Epidemiology, assessment of extrapulmonary conditions, candidate evaluation, selection criteria, and pathology statements.

The Journal of heart and lung transplantation : the official publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation

Crespo MM, Lease ED, Sole A, Sandorfi N, Snyder LD, Berry GJ, Pavec JL, Venado AE, Cifrian JM, Goldberg H, Dilling DF, Gries C, Nair A, Willie K, Meyer KC, Shah RJ, Tokman S, Holm A, Patterson CM, McWilliams T, Shtraichman O, Bemiss B, Salgado J, Farver C, Strah H, Wassilew K, Kaza V, Howsare M, Murray M, Bhorade S, Budev M

A Novel Ambulatory Curriculum for Pulmonary and Critical Care Fellowship Training.

ATS Scholar

Kassutto SM, Santhosh L, Dine CJ, Kreider M, Lapin J, Shah RJ

Better Together: A Mixed-Methods Study of Palliative Care Co-Management for Patients with Interstitial Lung Disease.

Journal of palliative medicine

Bischoff KE, Choi S, Su A, Cohen E, O'Riordan DL, Oettel E, Blachman M, Meister S, Zapata C, Lindenfeld P, Calton B, Witt L, Pantilat SZ, Shah RJ

Strategies for forming effective women's groups.

The clinical teacher

Santhosh L, Harleman E, Venado A, Farrand E, E Gilbreth M, Keenan BP, Thompson VV, Shah RJ

Chronic lung allograft dysfunction small airways reveal a lymphocytic inflammation gene signature.

American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons

Dugger DT, Fung M, Hays SR, Singer JP, Kleinhenz ME, Leard LE, Golden JA, Shah RJ, Lee JS, Deiter F, Greenland NY, Jones KD, Langelier CR, Greenland JR

Primary graft dysfunction attenuates improvements in health-related quality of life after lung transplantation, but not disability or depression.

American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons

Kolaitis NA, Gao Y, Soong A, Greenland JR, Hays SR, Golden J, Leard LE, Shah RJ, Kleinhenz ME, Katz PP, Venado A, Kukreja J, Blanc PD, Singer JP

Cystic Fibrosis Lung Transplant Recipients Have Suppressed Airway Interferon Responses during Pseudomonas Infection.

Cell reports. Medicine

Dugger DT, Fung M, Zlock L, Caldera S, Sharp L, Hays SR, Singer JP, Leard LE, Golden JA, Shah RJ, Kukreja J, Gordon E, Finkbeiner W, Kleinhenz ME, Langelier C, Greenland JR

Psychological contributors to the frail phenotype: The association between resilience and frailty in patients with cirrhosis.

American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons

Wong RJ, Mohamad Y, Srisengfa YT, Kent DS, Seetharaman S, Shah RJ, Lai JC

Frailty after lung transplantation is associated with impaired health-related quality of life and mortality.

Thorax

Venado A, Kolaitis NA, Huang CY, Gao Y, Glidden DV, Soong A, Sutter N, Katz PP, Greenland JR, Calabrese DR, Hays SR, Golden JA, Shah RJ, Leard LE, Kukreja J, Deuse T, Wolters PJ, Covinsky K, Blanc PD, Singer JP

Improvements in frailty contribute to substantial improvements in quality of life after lung transplantation in patients with cystic fibrosis.

Pediatric pulmonology

Perez AA, Hays SR, Soong A, Gao Y, Greenland JR, Leard LE, Shah RJ, Golden J, Kukreja J, Venado A, Kleinhenz ME, Singer JP

Mitochondrial DNA Stimulates TLR9-Dependent Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation in Primary Graft Dysfunction.

American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology

Mallavia B, Liu F, Lefrançais E, Cleary SJ, Kwaan N, Tian JJ, Magnen M, Sayah DM, Soong A, Chen J, Saggar R, Shino MY, Ross DJ, Derhovanessian A, Lynch JP, Ardehali A, Weigt SS, Belperio JA, Hays SR, Golden JA, Leard LE, Shah RJ, Kleinhenz ME, Venado A, Kukreja J, Singer JP, Looney MR

Giant cell interstitial pneumonia secondary to cobalt exposure from e-cigarette use.

The European respiratory journal

Fels Elliott DR, Shah R, Hess CA, Elicker B, Henry TS, Rule AM, Chen R, Golozar M, Jones KD

Tacrolimus trough monitoring guided by mass spectrometry without accounting for assay differences is associated with acute kidney injury in lung transplant recipients.

American journal of health-system pharmacy : AJHP : official journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists

Kolaitis NA, Calabrese DR, Ahearn P, Venado A, Florez R, Lei HL, Isaak K, Henricksen E, Martinez E, Chong T, Shah RJ, Leard LE, Kleinhenz ME, Golden J, De Marco T, Greenland JR, Kukreja J, Hays SR, Blanc PD, Singer JP

Collagen type-V is a danger signal associated with primary graft dysfunction in lung transplantation.

Transplant immunology

Zaffiri L, Shah RJ, Stearman RS, Rothhaar K, Emtiazjoo AM, Yoshimoto M, Fisher AJ, Mickler EA, Gartenhaus MD, Cohort LTOG, Diamond JM, Geraci MW, Christie JD, Wilkes DS

Management and clinical outcomes after lung transplantation in patients with pre-transplant Mycobacterium abscessus infection: A single center experience.

Transplant infectious disease : an official journal of the Transplantation Society

Perez AA, Singer JP, Schwartz BS, Chin-Hong P, Shah RJ, Kleinhenz ME, Gao Y, Venado A, Leard LE, Golden JA, Kukreja J, Greenland JR, Hays SR

Frailty trajectories in adult lung transplantation: A cohort study.

The Journal of heart and lung transplantation : the official publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation

Venado A, McCulloch C, Greenland JR, Katz P, Soong A, Shrestha P, Hays S, Golden J, Shah R, Leard LE, Kleinhenz ME, Kukreja J, Zablotska L, Allen IE, Covinsky K, Blanc P, Singer JP

Frailty phenotypes and mortality after lung transplantation: A prospective cohort study.

American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons

Singer JP, Diamond JM, Anderson MR, Katz PP, Covinsky K, Oyster M, Blue T, Soong A, Kalman L, Shrestha P, Arcasoy SM, Greenland JR, Shah L, Kukreja J, Blumenthal NP, Easthausen I, Golden JA, McBurnie A, Cantu E, Sonett J, Hays S, Robbins H, Raza K, Bacchetta M, Shah RJ, D'Ovidio F, Venado A, Christie JD, Lederer DJ

Burden, resilience and coping in caregivers of patients with interstitial lung disease.

Heart & lung : the journal of critical care

Shah RJ, Collard HR, Morisset J

Primary Graft Dysfunction (PGD) Following Lung Transplantation.

Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine

Shah RJ, Diamond JM

Improvement in patient-reported outcomes after lung transplantation is not impacted by the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to transplantation.

The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery

Kolaitis NA, Soong A, Shrestha P, Zhuo H, Neuhaus J, Katz PP, Greenland JR, Golden J, Leard LE, Shah RJ, Hays SR, Kukreja J, Kleinhenz ME, Blanc PD, Singer JP

Clinical Risk Factors and Prognostic Model for Primary Graft Dysfunction after Lung Transplantation in Patients with Pulmonary Hypertension.

Annals of the American Thoracic Society

Porteous MK, Lee JC, Lederer DJ, Palmer SM, Cantu E, Shah RJ, Bellamy SL, Lama VN, Bhorade SM, Crespo MM, McDyer JF, Wille KM, Localio AR, Orens JB, Shah PD, Weinacker AB, Arcasoy S, Wilkes DS, Ware LB, Christie JD, Kawut SM, Diamond JM

Update in Chronic Lung Allograft Dysfunction.

Clinics in chest medicine

Shah RJ, Diamond JM

Exposure to Ambient Particulate Matter Is Associated With Accelerated Functional Decline in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.

Chest

Winterbottom CJ, Shah RJ, Patterson KC, Kreider ME, Panettieri RA, Rivera-Lebron B, Miller WT, Litzky LA, Penning TM, Heinlen K, Jackson T, Localio AR, Christie JD

Refining Low Physical Activity Measurement Improves Frailty Assessment in Advanced Lung Disease and Survivors of Critical Illness.

Annals of the American Thoracic Society

Baldwin MR, Singer JP, Huang D, Sell J, Gonzalez WC, Pollack LR, Maurer MS, D'Ovidio FF, Bacchetta M, Sonett JR, Arcasoy SM, Shah L, Robbins H, Hays SR, Kukreja J, Greenland JR, Shah RJ, Leard L, Morrell M, Gries C, Katz PP, Christie JD, Diamond JM, Lederer DJ

The Hospitalized Patient with Interstitial Lung Disease: A Hospitalist Primer.

Journal of hospital medicine

Farrand E, Shah R, Collard H

Lung Transplantation in Patients With Systemic Sclerosis.

Current rheumatology reports

Shah RJ, Boin F

Effect of Lung Transplantation on Health-Related Quality of Life in the Era of the Lung Allocation Score: A U.S. Prospective Cohort Study.

American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons

Singer JP, Katz PP, Soong A, Shrestha P, Huang D, Ho J, Mindo M, Greenland JR, Hays SR, Golden J, Kukreja J, Kleinhenz ME, Shah RJ, Blanc PD

Interstitial Lung Disease in the Elderly.

Chest

Patterson KC, Shah RJ, Porteous MK, Christie JD, D'Errico CA, Chadwick M, Triano MJ, Deshpande C, Rossman MD, Litzky LA, Kreider M, Miller WT

Diastolic Dysfunction Increases the Risk of Primary Graft Dysfunction after Lung Transplant.

American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine

Porteous MK, Ky B, Kirkpatrick JN, Shinohara R, Diamond JM, Shah RJ, Lee JC, Christie JD, Kawut SM

Changing the Ambulatory Training Paradigm. Design and Implementation of an Outpatient Pulmonology Fellowship Curriculum.

Annals of the American Thoracic Society

Kassutto SM, Dine CJ, Kreider M, Shah RJ

The relationship between plasma lipid peroxidation products and primary graft dysfunction after lung transplantation is modified by donor smoking and reperfusion hyperoxia.

The Journal of heart and lung transplantation : the official publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation

Diamond JM, Porteous MK, Roberts LJ, Wickersham N, Rushefski M, Kawut SM, Shah RJ, Cantu E, Lederer DJ, Chatterjee S, Lama VN, Bhorade S, Crespo M, McDyer J, Wille K, Orens J, Weinacker A, Arcasoy S, Shah PD, Wilkes DS, Hage C, Palmer SM, Snyder L, Calfee CS, Ware LB, Christie JD

Survey of Lung Transplant Community's Views on Primary Graft Dysfunction.

American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons

Diamond JM, Shah RJ, Cantu E, Porteous MK, Christie JD

Objective Estimates Improve Risk Stratification for Primary Graft Dysfunction after Lung Transplantation.

American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons

Shah RJ, Diamond JM, Cantu E, Flesch J, Lee JC, Lederer DJ, Lama VN, Orens J, Weinacker A, Wilkes DS, Roe D, Bhorade S, Wille KM, Ware LB, Palmer SM, Crespo M, Demissie E, Sonnet J, Shah A, Kawut SM, Bellamy SL, Localio AR, Christie JD

Body composition and mortality after adult lung transplantation in the United States.

American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine

Singer JP, Peterson ER, Snyder ME, Katz PP, Golden JA, D'Ovidio F, Bacchetta M, Sonett JR, Kukreja J, Shah L, Robbins H, Van Horn K, Shah RJ, Diamond JM, Wickersham N, Sun L, Hays S, Arcasoy SM, Palmer SM, Ware LB, Christie JD, Lederer DJ

Oxidant stress regulatory genetic variation in recipients and donors contributes to risk of primary graft dysfunction after lung transplantation.

The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery

Cantu E, Shah RJ, Lin W, Daye ZJ, Diamond JM, Suzuki Y, Ellis JH, Borders CF, Andah GA, Beduhn B, Meyer NJ, Ruschefski M, Aplenc R, Feng R, Christie JD

Plasma complement levels are associated with primary graft dysfunction and mortality after lung transplantation.

American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine

Shah RJ, Emtiazjoo AM, Diamond JM, Smith PA, Roe DW, Wille KM, Orens JB, Ware LB, Weinacker A, Lama VN, Bhorade SM, Palmer SM, Crespo M, Lederer DJ, Cantu E, Eckert GJ, Christie JD, Wilkes DS

Cognitive function, mental health, and health-related quality of life after lung transplantation.

Annals of the American Thoracic Society

Cohen DG, Christie JD, Anderson BJ, Diamond JM, Judy RP, Shah RJ, Cantu E, Bellamy SL, Blumenthal NP, Demissie E, Hopkins RO, Mikkelsen ME

Genetic variation in the prostaglandin E2 pathway is associated with primary graft dysfunction.

American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine

Diamond JM, Akimova T, Kazi A, Shah RJ, Cantu E, Feng R, Levine MH, Kawut SM, Meyer NJ, Lee JC, Hancock WW, Aplenc R, Ware LB, Palmer SM, Bhorade S, Lama VN, Weinacker A, Orens J, Wille K, Crespo M, Lederer DJ, Arcasoy S, Demissie E, Christie JD

Preoperative plasma club (clara) cell secretory protein levels are associated with primary graft dysfunction after lung transplantation.

American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons

Shah RJ, Wickersham N, Lederer DJ, Palmer SM, Cantu E, Diamond JM, Kawut SM, Lama VN, Bhorade S, Crespo M, Demissie E, Sonett J, Wille K, Orens J, Weinacker A, Shah P, Arcasoy S, Wilkes DS, Christie JD, Ware LB

Response.

Chest

Shah RJ, Christie JD

Latent class analysis identifies distinct phenotypes of primary graft dysfunction after lung transplantation.

Chest

Shah RJ, Diamond JM, Cantu E, Lee JC, Lederer DJ, Lama VN, Orens J, Weinacker A, Wilkes DS, Bhorade S, Wille KM, Ware LB, Palmer SM, Crespo M, Localio AR, Demissie E, Kawut SM, Bellamy SL, Christie JD

Lung transplantation for obstructive lung diseases.

Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine

Shah RJ, Kotloff RM

Gene set enrichment analysis identifies key innate immune pathways in primary graft dysfunction after lung transplantation.

American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons

Cantu E, Lederer DJ, Meyer K, Milewski K, Suzuki Y, Shah RJ, Diamond JM, Meyer NJ, Tobias JW, Baldwin DA, Van Deerlin VM, Olthoff KM, Shaked A, Christie JD

Beware of gloved fingers.

Annals of the American Thoracic Society

Shah RJ, Kotloff RM

Early plasma soluble receptor for advanced glycation end-product levels are associated with bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome.

American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons

Shah RJ, Bellamy SL, Lee JC, Cantu E, Diamond JM, Mangalmurti N, Kawut SM, Ware LB, Christie JD

Clinical risk factors for primary graft dysfunction after lung transplantation.

American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine

Diamond JM, Lee JC, Kawut SM, Shah RJ, Localio AR, Bellamy SL, Lederer DJ, Cantu E, Kohl BA, Lama VN, Bhorade SM, Crespo M, Demissie E, Sonett J, Wille K, Orens J, Shah AS, Weinacker A, Arcasoy S, Shah PD, Wilkes DS, Ware LB, Palmer SM, Christie JD

Elevated plasma angiopoietin-2 levels and primary graft dysfunction after lung transplantation.

PloS one

Diamond JM, Porteous MK, Cantu E, Meyer NJ, Shah RJ, Lederer DJ, Kawut SM, Lee J, Bellamy SL, Palmer SM, Lama VN, Bhorade SM, Crespo M, Demissie E, Wille K, Orens J, Shah PD, Weinacker A, Weill D, Arcasoy S, Wilkes DS, Ware LB, Christie JD

Plasma monocyte chemotactic protein-1 levels at 24 hours are a biomarker of primary graft dysfunction after lung transplantation.

Translational research : the journal of laboratory and clinical medicine

Shah RJ, Diamond JM, Lederer DJ, Arcasoy SM, Cantu EM, Demissie EJ, Kawut SM, Kohl B, Lee JC, Sonett J, Christie JD, Ware LB

Variation in PTX3 is associated with primary graft dysfunction after lung transplantation.

American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine

Diamond JM, Meyer NJ, Feng R, Rushefski M, Lederer DJ, Kawut SM, Lee JC, Cantu E, Shah RJ, Lama VN, Bhorade S, Crespo M, Demissie E, Sonett J, Wille K, Orens J, Weinacker A, Weill D, Arcasoy S, Shah PD, Belperio JA, Wilkes D, Ware LB, Palmer SM, Christie JD

A panel of lung injury biomarkers enhances the definition of primary graft dysfunction (PGD) after lung transplantation.

The Journal of heart and lung transplantation : the official publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation

Shah RJ, Bellamy SL, Localio AR, Wickersham N, Diamond JM, Weinacker A, Lama VN, Bhorade S, Belperio JA, Crespo M, Demissie E, Kawut SM, Wille KM, Lederer DJ, Lee JC, Palmer SM, Orens J, Reynolds J, Shah A, Wilkes DS, Ware LB, Christie JD